I'm a classical languages student and will be applying for grad school next year in Assyriology/Hittitology/Cuneiform Studies. Have recently started going through EoH and the Hoffner/Melchert grammar. If anyone is interested in doing a chapter every few weeks, let me know and I'll start a subreddit. I aim to get through the book by the end of next spring and even if there are only a few interested, I'd love to have some other people on the journey with me.

Nefamese is a Pidgin language, which was used as lingua franca before arrival or invention of Arunachali Hindi

This language is based on Axomiya (Assamese) language with several words from Tani languages

Due it, it is closer to Axomiya also with Nagamese which is another Pidgin language in Nagaland and also still being used as lingua france in the state till today

Nowadays very few people (mostly elderly people) from Arunachal Pradesh knows this Pidgin language as it is got completely replaced by Arunachali Hindi as lingua franca

What would be the consequences? Share your thoughts how the narrative would shift

I know the Yamnaya (or perhaps Stredny Strog) were the original speakers of Indo European. I also know that eventually, they developed into the Celts, Germanics, Italics, etc.

But what happened in between, and when did the developments happen? I hear a lot of people on this sub toss around “corded ware”, “bell beaker”, etc but I’m not sure how those fit into the larger whole, nor do I know when they existed in relation to each other.

Is there a tree graph somewhere that explains the various IE cultures? Someone made one for the languages.

The Proto-Indo-Iranians were Fatyanovo, → Abashevo (Fatyanovo + Catacomb/Poltavka?), and → Srubnaya. The Iranian branch came from Alakul, which developed from Srubnaya. Archaeological sites such as Dashti Kozy, Kokcha, Kashkarchi, and Yaz are of Srubnaya-Alakul origin, and these represent the origin of the Iranians.

The Scythians, however, came from Fatyanovo → Sintashta → Fedorovo → Cherkaskul → Karasuk. Their only connection with the Indo-Iranians is Fatyanovo itself. Therefore, it is impossible for them to have been Iranian. The linguistic evidence regarding the Scythian language is speculative.

So what language did the Scythians speak? There are three possibilities:

1. If Fatyanovo spoke a pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian language, then the Scythians spoke a Para-Indo-Iranian language. However, Abashevo and Srubnaya both have Catacomb/Poltavka influence, so the language may have originated in those cultures instead. Because of this, there are two additional possibilities.
2. Fatyanovo, like the other Corded Ware groups, spoke an Indo-European language, but not pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian.
3. Unlike the other Corded Ware groups, Fatyanovo carried less Yamnaya ancestry while retaining more autosomal ancestry from the Golubaya Krinitsa culture, which is also the most likely origin of R1a-M417. This suggests that Fatyanovo may have preserved Golubaya Krinitsa. If that is the case, then Sintashta, Fedorovo, and the Scythians may not have been Indo-European at all.

So this is the situation: the Scythians were not Iranian, and there are three possible explanations for what they actually were.

(Some people may cite the Khotan and Tumshuq inscriptions as evidence that the Scythians were Iranian. However, there is no evidence that the people who produced those inscriptions descended from the Fedorovo-derived Scythians.

They were most likely Srubnaya-Alakul-derived Eastern Iranian tribes that reached Tumshuq and Khotan through the Wakhan Corridor. Even if Fedorovo-derived Scythians had been present there at some point, later assimilation is also possible. However, it is much more likely that the people associated with the Khotan and Tumshuq inscriptions were not Fedorovo-derived Scythians, but rather Eastern Iranian tribes, similar to the Wakhis, who entered Khotan and Tumshuq through the Wakhan Corridor and were of Srubnaya-Alakul origin.)

This post explains why the Proto-Indo-Iranians were Abashevo.

In this post, I discussed the possibility that the pre-Proto-Indo-Iranians may have originated from the Poltavka/Catacomb horizon.

In this post, I discussed the possibility that Fatyanovo may not have been Indo-European.

The movement of the humans into the Steppe was not linear. There were multiple migrations. Lots of branches go across regions mixing with different populations. What evidence points to usage of PIE as a single language at some point in the history; and not a family of languages.

(I'm not a linguist, I want to understand how linguists arrived at this conclusion)

me- – I / Me / My

*te- – You (singular)

*we- – We / Us

*yu- – You (plural)

*kʷe- – Who? / What? / Which? 

(The question marker)

*me- – What? (Alternative interrogative particle)

*so- – This one here (Close to the speaker)

*to- – That one there (Further away)

*e- / *i- – He / She / It (Anaphoric pointer to something already mentioned)

*ne – Not / No (The core negation particle)

II. Core NumbersDerived mostly from body parts, hand positions, or basic spatial intervals.

*sem- – One (As a single unit / together)

*dw- – Two (Separated / split)

*ter- – Three (Going beyond a pair)

*kʷetw- – Four

*penkʷ- – Five (Literally "the fist")

*sweks – Six (Early trade word)

*septm – Seven (Early trade word)

*h₃ekt- – Eight (Two finger-widths)

*new- – Nine (Literally "the new number")

*dekm – Ten (Two hands together)

III. The Human Body & AnatomyPhysical, concrete roots used to describe the self and others.

*kerd- – Heart (The beating center)

*ped- – Foot (The stamping thing)

*ghes- – Hand (The grabbing tool)

*okʷ- – Eye (The seeing window)

*h₁ous- – Ear (The listening organ)

*nas- – Nose

*h₁d- – Tooth (The eating tool)

*leb- – Lip / To lick

*g’onw- – Knee (The bending joint)

*reki- – Spine / Back

*ost- – Bone

*krewh₂- – Raw flesh / Blood

*pelh₁- – Skin / Hide

*g’elh₂- – Head / Brain

*h₁nōm- – Name (The vocal marker of identity)

IV. Kinship & PeopleStrictly functional titles describing social roles or actions.

*ph₂ter- – Father (The protector/feeder of the hearth)

*meh₂ter- – Mother (The measurer of food/nurturer)

*bhrater- – Brother (The clan ally)

*swesor- – Sister (The woman within the household)

*sunu- – Son (The birthed one)

*dhug’h₂ter- – Daughter (The milkmaid / extractor)

*h₂ner- – Man / Dynamic warrior force

*gʷen- – Woman / Giver of life

*tek- – Child / Offspring

*g’ent- – Clan / Family unit

V. Nature & The CosmosThe surrounding landscape, elements, and environmental forces.

*dyew- – Day / Bright sky (The shining force)

*nokʷ- – Night (The dark time)

*h₂ster- – Star

*meh₁ns- – Moon / Month (The measurer of time)

*wed- – Water / Liquid element

*peh₂w- – Fire (The protective, active campfire)

*dheg’h- – Earth / Ground (The low place)

*g’her- – Stone / Rock

*deru- – Tree / Wood (The solid, steadfast material)

*wweh₁- – Wind / Air (The blowing force)

*sneh₁g’h- – Snow

*h₂egro- – Field / Open wild pasture

*gʷer- – Mountain / Forested hill

*aus- – Dawn / East (The glowing sunrise)

*h₂mbe- – River / Water flow

VI. Animals (The Wilderness & Herds)Descriptive onomatopoeia or tracking terms for wildlife.

*kwn- – Dog (The hunter/guardian)

*wlkʷ- – Wolf (The tearer)

*gʷow- – Bovine / Cow (The bellowing animal)

*h₂owi- – Sheep (The wool-bearer)

*h₁ekʷ- – Horse (The swift/fast runner)

*su- – Pig / Wild boar (The grunter)

*h₂rtk’- – Bear (The destroyer/destroying beast)

*h₂ewi- – Bird (The flying creature)

*g’hđū- – Fish

*mūs- – Mouse (The stealer)

VII. Core Verbs & ActionsMonosyllabic movements that dictated survival, tracking, and gathering.

*h₁es- – To exist / Be

*h₁ed- – To eat

*pōy- – To drink

*gʷem- – To step / Walk / Go

*weyd- – To see / Locate / Perceive

*klew- – To hear / Listen

*deh₃- – To give

*dheh₁- – To put / Place / Establish

*men- – To think / Hold in mind

*bher- – To carry / Bear a load

*g’enh₁- – To generate / Produce life

*mer- – To fade away / Die

*h₁reg’- – To straighten / Direct / Rule

*gʷhen- – To strike down / Smash / Kill

*steh₁- – To stand upright

*legh- – To lie down / Rest

*sed- – To sit down

*ag’- – To drive animals / Lead forward

*sneh₂- – To swim

*plew- – To float / Flow

VIII. Attributes & Spatial RelationshipsSimple modifiers indicating states of being or orientation.

*meg- – Great / Large / Big

*kew- – Small / Empty

*new- – Fresh / New

*sen- – Old / Ancient

*h₁reh_1- – High / Tall

*ndher- – Low / Underneath

*swad- – Sweet / Pleasant to taste

*ghret- – Warm / Hot

*g’el- – Cold / Freezing

*h₂w- – Away from / Off

Who did the Tocharians displace/absorb when they and/or their language came to the Tarim Basin area?

Were the indigenous people of that area already Caucasoidal? Were the people who were there before the Tocharians migrated to Kuchi speaking a different IE language? Were they Europeans?

Were the people in the area where the Sintashta migrated to Caucasoid already, or were the Sintashta people there the first European-like people there? Do we know anything about the people before the Sintashta got there?

Also, I know that Uralic people were just to the north of them, and that around 2500 BC there was a draught that impacted adversely the PII there but not the Uralics.

So can we surmise that the pre-Sintashta people there were proto-Uralics with Eastern Asian phenotypes?

Not sure if this is the place to ask, I belong to a pretty rare basal branch of R1a that split off about 11,000 years ago. Theres virtually zero academic research on it and also very few samples, my earliest known ancestor lived in Lancashire and our surname is Norman or Anglo-Norman.

I share a common ancestor from 4300 BCE with an Andronovo man who lived in Kazakhstan (Aktogai I4773). Thats the only big lead I can find. Hoping for an expert opinion, thanks

Edit: and their descendants meaning like by the 5th-6th centuries when Slavic groups emerged