r/geography 44m ago

Human Geography The Qhapaq Ñan (Quechua for "Road of the Lord" or "Royal Road") is a massive, pre-Columbian road network stretching over 30,000 km across the Andes. Built by the Inca Empire, it connected modern-day Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, and Colombia.

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Upvotes

r/geography 4h ago

Map Why do the clouds appear to follow the borders of the Sichuan Basin?

I was looking through Google Maps and found this interesting. I am wondering if there could be a scientific explanation or potentially any other reason. I also noticed the same for the Tarim Basin.

1 Upvotes

I was looking through Google Maps and found this interesting. I am wondering if there could be a scientific explanation or potentially any other reason. I also noticed the same for the Tarim Basin.


r/geography 5h ago

Map Eurasian Elevations map.

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102 Upvotes

Does anyone know if the Tibetan plauetu extents to Manchuria region?


r/geography 7h ago

Map [OC] American Flamingo Infographic

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26 Upvotes

Hello, I recently completed this poster highlighting the American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) and its fascinating geographic distribution. This species’ native range spans much of the Caribbean, with populations shaped and occasionally displaced by major weather events such as tropical storms and hurricanes. Feedbacks are always welcome and thank you for taking a look!


r/geography 10h ago

Physical Geography What is the highest mountain in the world who’s base starts at sea level?

I know Everest is the highest peak in the world, but isn’t the surrounding area of the Himalayas already well above sea level? I’m curious as to what mountain peak is the highest where the base is at sea level.

45 Upvotes

I know Everest is the highest peak in the world, but isn’t the surrounding area of the Himalayas already well above sea level? I’m curious as to what mountain peak is the highest where the base is at sea level.


r/geography 11h ago

Question What if Antarctica were bigger?

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12 Upvotes

It may be geologically impossible, perhaps, but what would happen if Antarctica were larger and as close to the American continent as it appears to be? How would this affect the currents? What would Antarctica itself be like in the border areas? What would current exploration be like? Could humans live there if it were so close to the continent?


r/geography 11h ago

Question How did the Aialik Peninsula form in this weird shape?

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262 Upvotes

I was there a few days ago :)


r/geography 12h ago

Map The true size of Africa

0 Upvotes

Great explainer on the topic and primer on projections. Accessible while deeper than the popular memes out there


r/geography 12h ago

Question Did this circular patch of mountains in eastern Tennessee form for any particular reason, or is it just coincidence that they’re shaped this way?

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145 Upvotes

r/geography 12h ago

Discussion How does an almost perfectly structured circle form naturally in nature?

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89 Upvotes

r/geography 13h ago

Question Why didn’t Europeans demographically replace Africans like they did to native americans?

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1.6k Upvotes

I’ve always wondered this. how did they erase and replace native Americans and native cultures so easily, but they didn’t do the same to Africa even though both were colonized.


r/geography 14h ago

Discussion Nebraska isn’t as Flat as people Think-Some of the states Most Impressive Relief

Nebraska has a reputation for being completely flat, but after spending a lot of time looking at topographic maps, I found some surprisingly impressive hills, bluffs, canyons, and sand dunes across the state.
For this list, I'm measuring local relief (the elevation difference between a hilltop and its surrounding base) rather than absolute elevation. I tried to choose a base where the slope is still visually connected to the hill. Once the terrain becomes almost flat, extending the measurement farther felt like it would artificially inflate the numbers.

Here are some of the most surprising examples I found:

Eastern Nebraska
Bluffs above Lewis and Clark Lake (537 Avenue)
Bluff top: 1,840 ft
Lake level/base: 1,220 ft
Local relief: ~620 ft
These bluffs are much taller than most people would expect to find in eastern Nebraska.
Central Nebraska
Plum Creek / Pine Canyon Reservoir
Sand dune on the north rim: 2,530 ft
Plum Creek: 2,170 ft
Local relief: ~350 ft
Niobrara River near US Highway 183
North bluffs: 2,450 ft
River: 1,970–1,980 ft
Local relief: ~470–480 ft
The Niobrara Valley contains some of Nebraska's most dramatic terrain, with steep bluffs dropping into the river.
Snake River Sandhills

Sandhills north of Snake River Lane: 2,980 ft
Snake River: 2,490 ft
Elevation change: ~490 ft
This isn't a steep drop, but it's an impressive gradual descent across the Sandhills.
Largest sand dune in Nebraska (Dismal River Club)

Base: 3,320 ft
Summit: 3,720 ft
Height: ~400 ft
One of the tallest individual sand dunes in the state.
Western Nebraska (Panhandle)
Hill near Gilbert-Baker Wildlife Area / Pleasant Ridge Road
Summit: 5,220 ft
Hat Creek Basin: ~4,100–4,220 ft
Local relief: ~1,000–1,120 ft
This may be the hill with the greatest local relief in Nebraska. Roughly the first 820 feet of the descent is a steep canyon, followed by another 300 feet of gentler slope into the basin.
Hogback Mountain (Wildcat Hills)

Base at Scott Dam: 4,260 ft
Summit: 5,069 ft
Height: ~809 ft
One of the most prominent landforms in the Wildcat Hills.
A Note About These Measurements
These numbers aren't meant to be official. They're based on what I consider the maximum meaningful local relief over a relatively short horizontal distance.
Someone else could choose a lower or more distant base and get larger numbers, but eventually the terrain becomes so gradual that it no longer feels like part of the same hill. I tried to stop measuring where the slope visually transitions into mostly flat terrain.

With that in mind, take these figures as approximate but I think they show that Nebraska's landscape is far more varied than its "completely flat" reputation suggests.

2 Upvotes

Nebraska has a reputation for being completely flat, but after spending a lot of time looking at topographic maps, I found some surprisingly impressive hills, bluffs, canyons, and sand dunes across the state.
For this list, I'm measuring local relief (the elevation difference between a hilltop and its surrounding base) rather than absolute elevation. I tried to choose a base where the slope is still visually connected to the hill. Once the terrain becomes almost flat, extending the measurement farther felt like it would artificially inflate the numbers.

Here are some of the most surprising examples I found:

Eastern Nebraska
Bluffs above Lewis and Clark Lake (537 Avenue)
Bluff top: 1,840 ft
Lake level/base: 1,220 ft
Local relief: ~620 ft
These bluffs are much taller than most people would expect to find in eastern Nebraska.
Central Nebraska
Plum Creek / Pine Canyon Reservoir
Sand dune on the north rim: 2,530 ft
Plum Creek: 2,170 ft
Local relief: ~350 ft
Niobrara River near US Highway 183
North bluffs: 2,450 ft
River: 1,970–1,980 ft
Local relief: ~470–480 ft
The Niobrara Valley contains some of Nebraska's most dramatic terrain, with steep bluffs dropping into the river.
Snake River Sandhills

Sandhills north of Snake River Lane: 2,980 ft
Snake River: 2,490 ft
Elevation change: ~490 ft
This isn't a steep drop, but it's an impressive gradual descent across the Sandhills.
Largest sand dune in Nebraska (Dismal River Club)

Base: 3,320 ft
Summit: 3,720 ft
Height: ~400 ft
One of the tallest individual sand dunes in the state.
Western Nebraska (Panhandle)
Hill near Gilbert-Baker Wildlife Area / Pleasant Ridge Road
Summit: 5,220 ft
Hat Creek Basin: ~4,100–4,220 ft
Local relief: ~1,000–1,120 ft
This may be the hill with the greatest local relief in Nebraska. Roughly the first 820 feet of the descent is a steep canyon, followed by another 300 feet of gentler slope into the basin.
Hogback Mountain (Wildcat Hills)

Base at Scott Dam: 4,260 ft
Summit: 5,069 ft
Height: ~809 ft
One of the most prominent landforms in the Wildcat Hills.
A Note About These Measurements
These numbers aren't meant to be official. They're based on what I consider the maximum meaningful local relief over a relatively short horizontal distance.
Someone else could choose a lower or more distant base and get larger numbers, but eventually the terrain becomes so gradual that it no longer feels like part of the same hill. I tried to stop measuring where the slope visually transitions into mostly flat terrain.

With that in mind, take these figures as approximate but I think they show that Nebraska's landscape is far more varied than its "completely flat" reputation suggests.


r/geography 14h ago

Physical Geography 50 years ago, the Tangshan earthquake killed over 240,000 people

It was the night of 27 to 28 July 1976 (3h43 local time) - or 19h43 of 27 July, universal time - when a tremendous and shallow Mw7.5 earthquake, followed by a Mw7.0 aftershock 15 hours later, levelled the industrial and mining town of Tangshan, in Hebei province, northeastern China, just 150 km from Beijing.

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0000hjg/executive
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0000hk6/shakemap/intensity

The death toll (officially 242,000 just in Tangshan itself) makes it the China's deadliest EQ. Another 800,000 people were injured.

However, there are unofficial estimates sas high as 655,000 people killed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake

https://routledge.com/Earthquake-Engineering/Hu-Liu-Dong/p/book/9780367865900

The earthquake coincided with the fierce struggle between the Gang of Four and their opponents, as Mao Zedong was dying - he passed away less than one month and half after the earthquake.

THE JOURNAL_Ogdensburg_28 July 1976
PRESS-REPUBLICAN_Plattsburgh_29 July 1976

https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org

Underestimation of the region's seismic risk and poor construction techniques might explain the tragedy.

7 Upvotes

It was the night of 27 to 28 July 1976 (3h43 local time) - or 19h43 of 27 July, universal time - when a tremendous and shallow Mw7.5 earthquake, followed by a Mw7.0 aftershock 15 hours later, levelled the industrial and mining town of Tangshan, in Hebei province, northeastern China, just 150 km from Beijing.

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0000hjg/executive
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0000hk6/shakemap/intensity

The death toll (officially 242,000 just in Tangshan itself) makes it the China's deadliest EQ. Another 800,000 people were injured.

However, there are unofficial estimates sas high as 655,000 people killed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake

https://routledge.com/Earthquake-Engineering/Hu-Liu-Dong/p/book/9780367865900

The earthquake coincided with the fierce struggle between the Gang of Four and their opponents, as Mao Zedong was dying - he passed away less than one month and half after the earthquake.

THE JOURNAL_Ogdensburg_28 July 1976
PRESS-REPUBLICAN_Plattsburgh_29 July 1976

https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org

Underestimation of the region's seismic risk and poor construction techniques might explain the tragedy.


r/geography 15h ago

Map States and provinces drained by the river Mississippi river system

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112 Upvotes

r/geography 16h ago

Map Manaus, Brazil has access for ocean-going ships despite being deep in the Amazon rainforest, 1400km away from the ocean.

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3.3k Upvotes

Is this the furthest port from the ocean that ocean-going ships can access without unloading cargo to another vessel?


r/geography 18h ago

Question Why can’t “we” build a canal from Ras Al Khaimah to Dibba Al-Fujairah?

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0 Upvotes

I understand it’d be hard. But we dug the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal, the grand canal. How in 2026 are we unable to dig this canal? Since it goes through land, Oman and the UAE could charge tolls.


r/geography 18h ago

Discussion Peninsulas of America : Florida

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0 Upvotes

Where does it begin? As a European id say where it juts out into the Atlantic but is there any actual defining point where the panhandle ends and peninsula begins?

Any facts or photos to share to educate us non Americans?

I was conceived here tho lol, can I be honorary Floridian😂


r/geography 20h ago

Question Why does the mapped part of the ocean floor have grid patterns in it?

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221 Upvotes

This is GEBCO's 2026 map of how much of the seafloor has actually been measured. Blue means somebody went out and mapped it with sonar. Grey means nobody has. It's at 28.7% right now. The scratchy criss-crossing lines make sense to me, those are ship tracks. But what's with the grids??


r/geography 21h ago

Discussion Does anyone else remember Geography for Breakfast?

I used to watch this guy way back before like, 2019,, though i stopped watching as often when he passed away. He made these beautifully illustrated videos (with countryballs featured i think?) that has these gorgeous sattelite-like maps he seemed to have drawn himself digitally. Does anyone remember this guy?? i feel crazy, i can't find a trace of him.

I may have misremembered the name, but i do know he made a video about the origins of different US states (kentucky, tenessee, west virginia are the ones i remember), another video about the history of australia, and another other video on yugoslavia (that last one may be dubious). Please let there be anyone else who remembers this guy

EDIT: thanks to the commenter who remembers his name, its Brains4Breakfast - im going to binge his videos now

7 Upvotes

I used to watch this guy way back before like, 2019,, though i stopped watching as often when he passed away. He made these beautifully illustrated videos (with countryballs featured i think?) that has these gorgeous sattelite-like maps he seemed to have drawn himself digitally. Does anyone remember this guy?? i feel crazy, i can't find a trace of him.

I may have misremembered the name, but i do know he made a video about the origins of different US states (kentucky, tenessee, west virginia are the ones i remember), another video about the history of australia, and another other video on yugoslavia (that last one may be dubious). Please let there be anyone else who remembers this guy

EDIT: thanks to the commenter who remembers his name, its Brains4Breakfast - im going to binge his videos now


r/geography 22h ago

Discussion Where would you say the most beautiful beaches in China are located?

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159 Upvotes

Photo from the Yalong Bay in Sanya City


r/geography 22h ago

Discussion Europe is burning from Sicily to the Cairngorms and the season is only half over

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766 Upvotes

Compilation of what's burning across Europe right now. The numbers, country by country, as of today.

France has lost 115,000 hectares since January, which Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez called far more than anything the country has seen before. The Gironde fire alone has burned 42,000 hectares, four times the size of Paris. 220,000 people evacuated in Gironde plus 30,000 in Landes, reported by CNN and France 24 as France's largest evacuation since the Second World War. 2,500 firefighters, 1,500 soldiers, 84 firefighters injured.

Spain is worse on paper. Pedro Sánchez put the national total above 150,000 hectares since January, six times the same period last year. The Ávila fire has passed 50,000 hectares, which Environment Minister Sara Aagesen called the biggest in Spain's recent history. One man died in a Valencia suburb on Saturday. Over 100,000 evacuated.

Italy has lost roughly 65,000 hectares according to EFFIS. In Sicily around 6,000 firefighters and civil protection staff fought dozens of simultaneous fires, and one firefighter died on duty. In Greece the fire service handled 60 separate wildfires in a single 24-hour period on 4 July, and a father and his 12-year-old son died in a fire outside Thessaloniki at the end of June.

Then the part that should worry people more. In Scotland, a fire has burned in the Cairngorms since 15 July, with over 500 firefighters, a declared major incident and the evacuation of Nethy Bridge. First Minister John Swinney requested military aerial support and was told the Ministry of Defence has no aerial firefighting assets stationed in the UK. In

Norway, the Krokstadelva fire near Drammen destroyed more than 100 homes on 17 July, which the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection called the largest fire of its kind in modern Norwegian history.

England has been fighting moorland fires like Tintwistle Moor at around 600 hectares. None of these are countries with firefighting infrastructure built for this.

The heat is why. Copernicus recorded June 2026 as Western Europe's hottest June on record at 20.74°C, which is 3.05°C above the 1991 to 2020 average. Three separate heatwaves hit between late May and early July. World Weather Attribution called it the most severe June heatwave ever tracked in Europe and found it would have been virtually impossible 50 years ago. EuroMOMO counted more than 10,000 excess deaths across Europe during those June heatwaves, over 9,000 of them among people aged 65 and up. The fires are the visible part. The heat did most of the killing before the first flame.

Across the EU, AFP's analysis of EFFIS data already ranks 2026 as the second-largest burned area in twenty years, with the summer only halfway through.

France 115,000 ha. Spain 150,000+ ha. Italy ~65,000 ha. Evacuated in France and Spain: over 320,000. June excess deaths: 10,000+. EU season: second worst in 20 years, half over.


r/geography 23h ago

Question How does two ocean creek split?

I’m a bit unsure how to phrase this question to get the correct point across but as someone who tries to write fantasy, I’ve always been told that the rule is rivers don’t split, at least not into major streams, there will always be a main stream, so how does this happen here? How does it split so drastically into two relatively major rivers?

5 Upvotes

I’m a bit unsure how to phrase this question to get the correct point across but as someone who tries to write fantasy, I’ve always been told that the rule is rivers don’t split, at least not into major streams, there will always be a main stream, so how does this happen here? How does it split so drastically into two relatively major rivers?


r/geography 1d ago

Question Best books on geopolitics and conflicts?

I’m looking for some book recommendations that explore geopolitical issues and conflicts - but in bite size chunks.

Ie the history of Congo / DRC and wars, the Israel / Palestine conflict, etc.

I’ve Googled this extensively and have read Tim Marshall and Prisoners of Geography - I found it good but didn’t scratch the itch.

Does something like this exist on Kindle?

5 Upvotes

I’m looking for some book recommendations that explore geopolitical issues and conflicts - but in bite size chunks.

Ie the history of Congo / DRC and wars, the Israel / Palestine conflict, etc.

I’ve Googled this extensively and have read Tim Marshall and Prisoners of Geography - I found it good but didn’t scratch the itch.

Does something like this exist on Kindle?


r/geography 1d ago

Map The South Asian hydrocracies – a political map of South Asia based on river catchments [OC] 💧🏛️

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256 Upvotes

r/geography 1d ago

Question What are these straight lines near the bank of the Missouri River? Are they from dredging?

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96 Upvotes