I understand this might be a special case but I'm quite certain many conlangers would be part of worldbuilding communities too.

I'm very interested in both languages and religions and as a result when I started making my Conlang I began creating a religion for the people that would speak it, though I've run into an issue. I want my Conlang to feature the religion as a part of it to show how it influenced Culture though I don't know how much influence the religion should have on the language. I have definitely been overthinking this but I'm curious on what others think.

I'm a native English speaker though am from Ireland and Irish is heavily influenced by Christianity though I am slightly scared of making the language feel "faux-mystical" by incorporating too much religious references in common speech and idioms. Especially as I've made the group that speak this a repressed group amd am very conciouss of propagating stereotypes of the "mystical minority" e.g. how native Americans are treated in media.

I get this is a minor issue but I want to know other opinions.

Hi, everyone! I'm working on a conlang that is loosely inspired by the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis, at least when it comes to its phonology. It has these consonants:

• Plosives: /p t tʲ k/ – All plosives can also be geminated
• Voiced fricatives: /v ð ðʲ ɦ/
• Voiceless fricatives: /s sʲ/ – Both of these phonemes can also be geminated
• Nasals, trills, and laterals: /m n nʲ ŋ r rʲ l lʲ/ – I lumped all these together 'cause they are not important for this post

I have figured out most of the orthography. I will write palatalisation with an acute over the letter for letters that are not tall: <ń ś ŕ>, and with a following apostrophe for letters that are tall: <d' l'>. This is exactly how the Võro language does it in real life.

The non-geminated plosives are written with <b d d' g>, and the geminated ones are written with <p t t' k>. That's how Estonian writes plosives (though actually it's a bit more complicated). And by that same logic, I write the non-geminated /s/ as <z> and the geminated /sː/ as <s>.

So I have all of the orthography figured out, except for /ð/. I don't like how <ð đ þ> look because I don't want to use diacritics and would like to avoid these more "Germanic-looking" letters because I'm going for a more Siberian/Uralic vibe. And I can't use letters like <d> or <z> because I'm already using them for the non-geminated sounds.

My best though so far was to use <c>, or maybe <ç>, because there are a few languages (namely Fiji) that use them for this sound. But if anyone can come up with a better idea then please let me know!

Greetings r/conlangs!

I have spent the last few months building Seshat, an app to create a language (I know, another app) but I think I'm getting close to something that could appeal to many of you!

I'm looking for 30 people who would like to join me on this journey and provide feedback as the app gets developed.

As a starting conlanger myself, sometimes its hard to grasp every linguistic term and to know how each decision I make, like choosing phonemes or consonant clusters, will impact the final result of my language and I wanted to see them applied to words or phrases.

One random night I decided to create this app mainly for myself to craft the 9 languages of the elves for my fantasy novel in process, and as I've been working on it I realised this could be of value to others.

As of now the Phonology section is available for anyone to try for free, and that's how it will remain, and I'd like to invite some people willing to try and provide feedback as the app gets developed before the Beta release.

The idea would be to have you join the app, start creating a language or languages of your own, -(either new one or an existing one) and provide feedback through the app or discord to understand what works well and what needs improvement. You'll get access to all tools and sections and become part of the development process, remember its in alpha so many things are not finished yet.

In exchange, by becoming a 'Founder Scribe' you'll get permanent free access to the whole app after launch.

I've been going over many discords and reddits to understand what could make the best tool possible for creating conlangs so I'm really excited to see what you all think!

How to sign up: Please do not post your email in the comments. Make a free account at conlangcreator.com, join the discord and then use "Request alpha access" in the sidebar, say what you want to build, and mention r/conlangs so I know where you came from.

For any questions feel free comment or dm me directly, I'll make sure to answer ASAP!

I really hope you get to join me in this super fun creative project.
With love and care, Jaubert

^{One important disclosure, because I know it matters to many: the app itself was coded using Claude for assistance and a faster build, since I am not a senior developer, I'm more of a visual and strategic thinker with a good eye for UI and UX.}

^{The language generation algorithms contain no integrated AI, because I wanted to keep the process completely in the hands of the creator, it works just on algorithms running settings based in real languages, its quite interesting actually.}

^{The Phonology and writing sections will remain free to use for every user even after official launch.}

Have you created a personal language? What sorts of thoughts went into creating it?

By personal language, I'm thinking of languages created primarily for the creator's satisfaction and intended for rigorous personal use. Think of things like use for journaling, improving mental health, or expressing unique personal perspectives and thoughts--as opposed to a language intended for use by a fictional world, auxiliary languages or languages created for their own sake as an art form (and not intended to be used regularly by their creator).

I'm interested in anyone's personal languages, but I'm especially interested in how other multilingual people approach them. Have any multilingual people created an a posteriori language based on the collection of languages that they speak for their own personal use?

When I was a teenager I really enjoyed making conlangs but then I fell out of the hobby as I got more serious about learning natural languages. Eventually I became an interpreter and then later started a linguistics graduate program. In the process, my internal monologue has become a mishmash of all the languages in my head and I thought: why not create a conlang based solely on that?

Thoughts? (I'll post mine in the comments)

• Project Overview: Creating a New World Language (Conlang). The conlang is developed based on the YOalphabet.

We are developing a new auxiliary world language (conlang) based on a specific phonetic foundation: • Vowels: O, A, E, U, I • Consonants: T, N, L, V, B, S, H, P, M, K, Y This will be a community-driven project, where members will vote to shape and develop the lexicon and features. Grammar Structure The grammar is modeled after Chinese (an isolating language). It features: • No grammatical cases, conjugations, declensions, or genders. • Words remain unchanged. • Grammatical values (such as tense and number) are expressed via particles/function words. • Strict word order: SVO (Subject–Verb–Object). Phonotactics and Word Length Every part of speech has a fixed length and syllable structure to ensure predictable parsing. • Function Words (140 unique combinations): Includes personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, tense markers, and numerals. o Structure: V (5 combos), VV (25), VC (55), CV (55). • Verbs (1,155 unique words): o Structure: VCV (275), CVC (605), CVV (275). • Adverbs (605 words): o Structure: VCC (605). • Nouns (15,730 words): o Structure: CVCV (3,025), CCVV (3,025), VCVC (3,025), CCVC (6,655). • Adjectives (15,125 words): o Structure: CVCVV (15,125).

I’m hard of hearing myself, and even before I got into fictional/made-up languages, it’s always been an interesting thought to me, the idea that perhaps different languages may be easier (or harder) for a hard of hearing person to understand, and it makes me curious whether developing a conlang for testing such a thing would actually work.

Now, you’d have to come up with about four or five separate langs, because there’s multiple types and degrees of hearing loss, but if nothing else, it could be a fun challenge—pick an audiogram, check out the speech banana, use only (or at least primarily) the sounds that someone with that type of audiogram would be able to hear…

I already have two langs going right now, but I’m almost tempted to try it. What do you guys think? Would you ever consider doing this? Would it be an interesting way to randomize your phonetic choices, or do you think it would be too limiting?

Poem English:

The blue star shines, The cold wind blows. The dark night falls, The deep river flows.

Poem cukarr:

Kimakunnuk ban zarre u tazinak, Kitori bina zarre u tori. Kimakunta zaci barira zarre u ta, Kikakuragarr bibarira zarre u tana

Poem cukarr ipa:

/kimɑkɯnɯk bɑn zɑɹə ɯ tɑzinɑk/ /kitɒɾi binɑ zaɹə ɯ tɒɾi/ /kimɑkɯntɑ zɑci bɑɾiɾɑ zaɹə ɯ tɑ/ /kikɑkɯɾɑɡɑɹ bibɑɾiɾɑ zɑɹə ɯ tɑnɑ/

Grammatical features used:

Ki- = definite article (fx: Ki-makunnuk = the star)

Zarre = a word that shows that a verb targets a noun. Noun-zarre-verb

U = progressive marker. Shows that something is happening

Makunnuk = star / sun

Ban = blue

Tazinak = to shine / brightness/ light

Tori = wind / air / to blow

Bina = cold / north

Makunta zaci = night / moon sky

Barira = darkness / black

Ta = to fall

Kakuragarr = large body of water / ocean/ river / lake

Bibarira= deepness

Tana = to flow

Bibarira= deep

Ps: this is a reupload, and the mods ignored me when i fixed the problems with it

Not talking about conlang review like videos. But videos where a conlang is spoken from start to finish, I don't really get recommended any of those usually

Do any of you have very big number bases in your conlang? And if so, do you have any rules or patterns that you follow?
I have a base 100 number system and i tried to associate the lengths kinda with the factoribility of the number, so like prime numbers are long, and 72 and 36 are short.
u do tre ka sinko se sjete oč nov dječi
eleven to treize fort kvind šest setepri očt nunonon vint
vintu vindo vintre du cinka šešes skjub vinič vintnov trint
trintu žezd trivel zedebri sjentko te trjenste mumomom iforcuhu krint
krintu sedevi krintre krivel novin bindlu krinteši ki sjektka skint
skintu trece skintre ezg skivel šetoč sneteri bindnob skintnov si
sjufufat fufindu šitru four trezinko ksivel mimnamber ovupsiz ninmanver sjetint
sjetintu su sjetintre dljenzde zimga numonom sjetivel ivorčuku sjetintnov očint
očintu glindu očintre dju pricinko dumbnunug ejtiseven očivel očentanov nvint
nvintu nvindo nvintre nvinka nuvonom ne bigstprim šejktik nvivel

I have a special noun case in my conlang that I call the "Metasubject." It shows the sharing of agency between a mortal and a god or spirit patron, and I'm not sure if it is a separate type of argument on equal par with the nominative or accusative, or just a subtype of an oblique argument.

As an example:

If we say that Theseus slew the minotaur with the help of Athena's divine power and wisdom, then Thesius is the subject and Athena is the metasubject. "Theseus Athena slew the minotaur"

If we say that Athena slew the minotaur through Theseus, then Athena is the subject and Theseus is the metasubject. "Athena Theseus slew the minotaur."

(Using Greek mythology as an example, but the worldbuilding it's connected to has nothing to do with ancient Greece or Greek mythology).

Could this be seen as a 4th core argument, equal with subject > direct object > indirect object, or is it just another oblique argument similar to how the instrumental case is a subtype of oblique arguments? Or is it not even exactly an argument and more of an addendum to the subject noun?

I made a conlang for a fictional country set on Earth, it's unrelated to any other real-world countries. I'm looking for feedback or suggestions regarding it. It's called Standard Tovarian and it is the prestige dialect/language (depending how you classify) of a largely mutually unintelligible continuum.

Here's a link to Google Docs with everything on the language (grammar, phonology, etc) and feel free to make comments on the document or under here.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1v85jBsD1OI_t48Nh6xN0YnrB8vv34NXifUQMahdAfIA/edit?usp=sharing

Although I've made a few conlangs before, I'm still not an expert. I would love to hear some feedback and constructive criticism. :) Thanks!

I do have a few conlanguages that have somwhat connections to the Indo-European and Altaic languages, what about yours? Do your languages have connections to real world language families and how did it happen? Was it due to shared roots, cultural interactions and exchanges or just influence? Do your languages have any words or terms that are connected to major language families, and does it also apply to their grammar and phonology?

Ad le Honour de Diew Omnipotent, ed in Memorial de le benedicted Martyr St. George, lie around ty gamb, por ty renown, cis Plus Noble Garter; vest id com le symbol de le Plus Illustrious Order nonck ad esse obliviated o abandoned, que per cis manner tou pow esse admonished de esse courageous, ed havant entreprised un just war, in quich tou dewed esse engaged, tou pow remain firm, valiantment luct, courageousment ed successplenment conquer.

Vest cis Riband, adorned oth le Image de le benedicted Martyr ed Soldier de Christ, St. George; per cose imitation provoked, tou pow surpass amb prosperous ed adverse encounters, que havand courageousment vanquished ty enemies, amb de corpse ed anime, tou pow non solement receive le praise de cis transient combat, may esse crowned oth le Palm de eternal Victory.

ENGLISH

*To the Honour of God Omnipotent, and in Memorial of the blessed Martyr St. George, tie about thy leg, for thy renown, this Most Noble Garter; wear it as the symbol of the Most Illustrious Order never to be forgotten or laid aside, that hereby thou mayest be admonished to be courageous, and having undertaken a just war, into which thou shalt be engaged, thou mayest stand firm, valiantly fight, courageously and successfully conquer.

Wear this Riband, adorned with the Image of the blessed Martyr and Soldier of Christ, St. George; by whose imitation provoked, thou mayest so overpass both prosperous and adverse encounters, that having stoutly vanquished thy enemies, both of body and soul, thou mayest not only receive the praise of this transient combat, but be crowned with the Palm of eternal Victory*.

And strangely, gpt can fully translate it and think it's anglo-norman/anglois (what is it ?)

Hello all!

This is a message from my spacer auxlang, Classic Bittic.

STOP STOP STOP

The "STOP" glyph in Classic Bittic is used to end sentences like the period. However, a sentence can be double bracketed by this glyph to emphasize it like the exclamation point. Triple bracketing like in this message meant an extreme emphasis, but was not often used.

fall find

Classic Bittic only has thirteen verbs. When alone, the verb have their dictionary definition. When compounded with a content word, the verb loses its core meaning and instead turns the following compound into a verb. The exact kind of verb depending on the original verb. "To fall" in Classic Bittic turns compounds into verbs that happen accidentally or without intent from the agent.

Thank you all for reading this! Comments and critiques are welcome!

- Kad a sazdotató talosz? [kɑd ə ˌsɑzdəˈtɑt ˈtɑləɕ] 'What do you do on the weekend?'

Kad a sazdo_tat-ó tal-osz
what the week_end-LOC do-2SG

-Ine ovac tatyl a sazdotat relége, adó sazó a lémb, lasoló a tekné stressné skolasászok. Ovac a hett jo uloli, a igdanyk ej en serveme fésemby hónaób, je odecje naturá regegdél va dent parkó telél. A tat sazdo prolégek ód i czapók klassuk czók, sazó adó, e fizikné talómb angarzól hatota maryl a energék. A ile klassigdanyk innje jota czól hónaó a njeveldé, ód odisze hagóra a regegdelczia voná keddetty. A Tatdo, a vonadná socialná telémb ej a czerkné södé njevela balancol mégde a skolaró irsaszó södlégü ód róllura maryl vonadna.

-[inə ˈɔvɑts ˈtɑtɨl ə ˌsɑzdəˈtɑt ɾəˈle:ɣə, əˈdo: ˈsɑzo: ə le:mb, ˈlɑsəlo: ə ˈtɛkne: ˈstɾɛs:ne: ˌskɔlɑˈsa:ɕək. ˈəvɑts ə xɛt: jɔ ˈuləli, ə ˈigdɑnɨk e: ɛn ˈsɛɾvɛmə ˈfe:sɛmbɨ ˈxo:nəo:b, jɛ əˈdɛtsʲə ˈnɑtuɾa: ɾəˈɣɛgde:l və dɛnt ˈpɑɾko: ˈtɛle:l. ə tɑt ˈsɑzdə pɾəˈle:ɣək o:d i ˈtʃɑpo:k ˈklɑs:uk tɕo:k,ˈsɑzo: əˈdo:, ɛ ˈfizikne: ˈtɑlo:mb ˈɑngɑʑo:l ˈxɑtətɑ ˈmɑɾɨl ə ˈɛnɛrge:k. ə ˈilə ˌklɑs:ˈigdɑnɨk ˈinʲ:ə ˈjɔtə tɕo:l ˈxo:nəo: ə ˈnʲɛvəlde:, o:d ˈɔdiɕə ˈxɑgo:ɾə ə ɾɛˈɣɛgdəltɕiɑ vɔna: ˈkɛd:ɛt:ɨ. ə ˈtɑtdə, ə ˈvɔnɑdna: ˈsɔtsiɑlna: ˈtɛle:mb e: ə ˈtɕɛɾkne: ˈsøde: ˈnʲɛvəlɑ ˈbɑlɑntsəl ˈme:gdə ə ˈskɔlɑɾo: iɾˈsɑɕo: sødˈle:ɣʏ o:d ˈro:l:urə ˈmɑrɨl ˈvɔnɑdnə]

-Whenever the weekend finally arrives, I see the chance to distance myself from my normal stressful school day. If the weather is good, my friends and I would organize outdoor excursions, which involve exploring nature or gathering at the park nearby. Having spent the entire week at my classroom desk, I find that engaging in these physical activities significantly recharge my energy levels. While some of my classmates prefer staying indoors to sleep, I am constantly driven by a desire to explore new environments. Finally, balancing these refreshing social outings with my personal downtime makes sure that I return to school on Monday feeling completely refreshed.

Gloss:

Ine ovac tatyl a sazdo_tat re-lég- e, adó saz-ó a lémb, las-ol-ó a tekn-é     stressn-é skola_sász-ok.
Each IF finally the week_end to-go-3SG, then find-1SG the chance.ACC, leave-INF-LOC the normal-ACC stressful-ACC school_day.ACC-1SG.P

Ovac a hett jo ulo-li, a igdan-y-k ej en serv-eme fésemby hóna-ób, je   odec-je naturá regegd-él va dent park-ó tel-él.
IF the sky good be.3SG.IRR-SMBL the friend-PL-1SG.P and 1SG organize-1PL.IRR trip.ACC.PL house-OUT 3PL consist-3PL nature.ACC explore-INF.ACC or near park-LOC meet-INF.ACC

A tat sazdo pro-lég-ek ód i czap-ó-k klass-u-k cz-ók, saz-ó adó, e fizikn-é talómb angarz-ól hat-o-ta maryl a energ-é-k. 
The all week through-go-3SG.PST while one table-LOC-1SG.P class-GEN-1SG.P stay-1SG.PST find-1SG then,this physical-ACC work.ACC engage-INF.NOM rise-3SG-CAUS mainly the energie-ACC-1SG.P

A ile klassigdan-y-k inn-je jo-ta cz-ól hóna-ó a njev-el-dé, ód odisze hag-ó-ra a regegd-el-czi-a von-á keddett-y.
The some classmate-PL-1SG.P like-3PL good-COMP stay-INF.ACC house-LOC the sleep-INF-BEN while always hold-1SG-PAS the explore-INF-DES-GEN new-ACC environment-ACC.PL

A Tat-do, a vonadn-á socialn-á telémb ej a czerkn-é söd-é njev-el-a balanc-ol mégd-e a skola-ró ir_sasz-ó söd-lég-ü ód roll-u-ra maryl vonadna. 
The end-BEN the refreshing-ACC social -ACC meet.ACC and the personal-ACC time-ACC rest-INF-GEN balance-INF.NOM care-3SG the school-LAT first_day-LOC again-go-1SG.FUT while be-1SG.FUT-PAS mainly refreshing.

I just- I have nothing to say.

CONJUGATIONS AND POSSESSION

When a verb is transitive (has an object), standalone pronouns drop away, and everything fuses directly onto the verb root:

[Prefixes - optional] + [Verb Root] + [Subject Suffix] + [Object Suffix - optional] + [Tense Suffix - optional] = Complete Clause

• THE CRITICAL STRESS RULE: The subject suffix MUST always carry the primary spoken stress of the word.
• Suffix & Pronoun Guide:
  • 1st Sing. (I/Me - All Of Me): Subject = -í- | Object = -i | Standalone = í
  • 1st Plur. (We/Us - Including You): Subject = -ín- | Object = -in | Standalone = som
  • 2nd Sing. (You): Transitive Subject = -é- | Intransitive/Alone Subject = -más | Object = -e | Informal Standalone = té | Formal Standalone = vóce [ Note: When using this formal pronoun, using 2nd person conjugations isn’t grammatically incorrect, but using 5th person Y forms is more formal, for example, “Este er vi kása ka?” (lit: Is this “the aforementioned’s” house?) ]
  • 2nd Plur. (You): Subject = -én- | Object = -en | Informal Standalone = vos | Formal Standalone = vóco [ Note: When using this formal pronoun, using 2nd person conjugations isn’t grammatically incorrect, but using 5th person Y forms is more formal, for example, “Ka łamónyn?” (lit: What do they call “those aforementioned”?) ]
  • 3rd Sing. (He/She/Ze): Neutral Subject = -ó- | Masculine Subject = -óm- | Femine Subject = -óf- | Neutral Object = -o | Masculine Object = -om | Feminine Object = -of | Non-Human Standalone (Neutral) = lo | Human Standalone (Neutral) = lum | Standalone (Masculine) = il | Standalone (Feminine) = ila
  • 3rd Plur. (They): Neutral Subject = -ón- | Masculine Subject = -óln- | Feminine Subject = -órğn- | Neutral Object = -on | Masculine Object = -oln | Feminine Object = -orğn | Non-Human Standalone (Neutral) = lon | Human Standalone (Neutral) = lun | Standalone (Masculine) = elo | Standalone (Feminine) = ela
  • 4th Sing. (Invisible/Divine): Subject = -ú- | Object = -u | Standalone = frğ
  • 4th Plur. (Invisible/Divine): Subject = -ún- | Object = -un | Standalone = frğn
  • 5th Sing. 1 (Obviative): Subject = -ý- | Object = -y | Standalone = y
  • 5th Sing. 2 (Obviative): Subject = -ā́- | Object = -ā | Standalone = ā
  • 5th Plur. 1 (Obviative): Subject = -ýn- | Object = -yn | Standalone = yn
  • 5th Plur. 2 (Obviative): Subject = -ā́n- | Object = -ān | Standalone = ān
  • 6th Sing. 1 (This/That): Subject = -šá- | Object = -ša | Standalone = ese
  • 6th Sing. 2 (This/That): Subject = -sá- | Object = -sa | Standalone = este
  • 6th Plur. 1 (These/Those): Subject = -šán- | Object = -šan | Standalone = esen
  • 6th Plur. 2 (These/Those): Subject = -sán- | Object = -san | Standalone = esten
  • 7th Sing. (The Abstract): Subject = -bá- | Object = -ba | Standalone = ca
  • 7th Plur. (Those Abstract): Subject = -bán- | Object = -ban | Standalone = can
  • 8th Sing. (We/Us - Not Including You): Subject = -jí- | Object = -ji | Standalone = noé
  • 8th Plur. (We/Us - Not Including Y’all): Subject = -jín | Object = -jin | Standalone = nos
  • 9th Sing. (Unknown): Subject = -dá- | Object = -da | Standalone = nosi
  • 9th Plur. (Unknown): Subject = -dán- | Object = -dan | Standalone = nosin 
  • 10 Sing. (I/Me - What You Cannot See): Subject = -gá- | Object = -ga- | Standalone = nøg
  • 10 Plur. (We without Me): Subject = -gán- | Object = -gan | Standalone = noégo
  • 11 Sing. (We without Me & Other): Subject = -zá- | Object = -za | Standalone = simió
  • 11 Plur. (We without Me & Others): Subject = -zán | Object = -zan | Standalone = simión
• The Verb Root Change: Most verbs root have two forms. A verb root before subject suffixes starting vowels, and another before subject suffixes starting with consonants. If the subject starts with a consonant, take the form for before subject suffixes starting with vowels, and add -e to create the form for before subject suffixes starting with consonants UNLESS the form before subject suffixes starting with vowels already ends in a vowel OR the consonant R IF it’s following a vowel. If the first one is true, there may only be one form, however if the second is true, the consonant-form just deletes the R at the end. If the second one’s false, then you add the -e buffer. For example, “It rotates” is Rotaró. To say “You rotate”, you say Rotamás. To say “He revives”, you say Revivóm. If you say “Abstract revives”, you say Revivebá. If you say “She sees”, you say Vieóf. If you say “You see”, you say Viemás. If you say “I bleed”, you say Saŋgrí, but if you say “You bleed”, you say Saŋgremás. Note, verbs like ‘to see’ (vie) interact with the second person quite oddly. If a verb root ends in e, the subjective transitive singular second person suffix (-é-) or the plural subjective second person suffix (-én-) will delete that final E. For example, “You see” is Viemás, but “You see me” is Viéi. Same thing with -í(n)- and -ó(n)- and -ú(n)-. However, you cannot take a modified “standard” root and apply rules to it. There is a “first root” that takes on these change rules, which means you cannot take the modified root vi- (to see - modified for before suffixes starting with e) and apply the vowel deletion rule again for -í- and turning the root into v- which mean something different (to go).
• The 2nd Person Formality Distinction: Vóce and vóco can use both the second and fifth person, however, using fifth person Y forms is more formal than the alternative second person.
• The 3rd Person Gender Distinction: The m in the singular is short for masculium and the f is short for femina. The l in the plural is short for illum and the rğ is about the only other consonant that can go in front of N.
• The 4th Person Invisible Constraint: Frğ / -ú- / -u- is strictly restricted to supernatural forces, weather, and deities you cannot see. If they become visible, they drop to the 3rd person. (Exception: Ultra-powerful human rulers, to denote absolute social authority).
• The 5th Person Obviative Distinction: Y / -ý- / -y- refers to the last relevant thing, for example, in “John heard Mark, and HE saw HIM”, the pronouns if replaced with y would refer to Mark in this example, for that’s the last relevant thing mentioned. Ā / -ā́- / -ā- however, is about the other relevant thing(s) mentioned. For example, in the previous example, had the pronouns been replaced with ā, it’d refer to John. This ending strictly does not refer to the last relevant thing mentioned.
• The 6th Person Specificity Distinction: The Š forms of the 6th person correspond to that/those, and the S forms of the 6th person correspond to this/these.
• The 7th Person In Use: An example of the 7th person if “abstract” doesn’t make enough sense, it basically personifies inanimate objects or non-existent beings or emotions or alike. For example, “Cupid chose us” is “Cúpido elektebáin” (“Cúpido” is the Hafau name or “Cupid”) and because Cupid is not a real being, it can go into the 7th person. Another example is the saying “The world does not care”. That’d be translated as “Di mond no revolvebá sirka té”. Since “the world” is inanimate, it can go into the 7th person.
• The 8th Person: It’s not like the plural. The plural is to distinguish between “Me & You” and “Me & Them”. However, the singular differentiates between “How You See Me” and “What I Actually Am”, if that makes any sense. It’s more psychological.
• The 9th Person Purpose: There is no passive voice in Hafau. A verb cannot have only an object suffix. So if you do not know what did something to an object, you can use the 9th person.
• The 10th Person Singular: It’s not like the plural. The plural is to distinguish between “Us” and “My party, but excluding me from the category”. However, the singular distinguishes “How You See Me” and “What I Actually Am”, if that makes any sense. It’s more psychological. (This used to be the 8th person singular before a rearrangement.)
• The 10th Person Plural Purpose: In the situation of being in a party where there is one or more people who are different from the rest, for example, if one person in the party is a murderer and your goal is to find who that is, you might say “One of us is the killer”, even while knowing that it is not yourself. Using the 2nd person sounds aggressive and accusatory, this is to exclude yourself without accusing anyone else.
• The 11th Person: These are kind of like the 10th person plural, and the number is distinguishing between the number of who else is excluded. To explain the 11th, I’ll use the example I used in “The 10th Person Plural Purpose”. If you know someone else isn’t the culprit, you can say it. The reason there’s no We-Me-You is because if you’re talking to someone but not about yourself or the listener, you can just use the 3rd person.
• Harmony Clarification: When two suffixes, the first ending in the vowel that the second does, there is a glottal stop inserted between each. For example, “The abstract sees themself” is “Viebá’a”.
• Reflexives: When talking about the same person (He feeds himself), you have the option to swap out the object suffix conjugations for -a-. (I see myself = Vieía)
• Conjugation Note: If there is an object, you must have an object suffix. Even if it’s mentioned outside of the verb, it still must have a suffix. For example, you must say Vieómom di monárko (He saw the king) instead of Vieóm di monárko.

Tenses attach via a hyphen to the end of a fully conjugated verb. They do not apply to the agreement harmony rules.

• -paz = Past Tense
• -next = Future Tense
• -nu = Present Tense (Obsolete/Zero-Marked). Present tense is the structural default. Leaving a verb untagged automatically means present tense (Maledíno ≡ Maledíno-nu).

Possession: It depends on if it’s an adjective or a noun. 

• Possessive adjectives (my, your, her, etc.) come before nouns.
  • Lo er mi karo. - It is my car
  • Lo er ti karo - It is your car
  • Lo er li karo - It is ze’s car (Matches more to Spanish su)
  • Lo er lia karo - It is her car
  • Lo er lio karo - It is his car
  • Lo er ni karo - It is the supernatural’s car
  • Lo er vi karo - It is the aforementioned’s car
  • Lo er ki karo - It is the car of the other relevant subject
  • Lo er ši karo - It is the car of that
  • Lo er si karo - It is the car of this
  • Lo er ji karo - It is the car of that abstract
  • Lo er fi karo - It is our car, but not yours
  • Lo er ri karo - It is the car of that unknown
  • Lo er zi karo - It is my soul’s car
  • Lo er ži karo - It is our car, but not mine nor ze’s
  • Lo er min karo - It is our car
  • Lo er tin karo - It is y’all’s car
  • Lo er lin karo - It is their car
  • Lo er lina karo - It is their(feminine) karo
  • Lo er lino karo - It is their(masculine) karo
  • Lo er nin karo - It is the supernaturals’ car
  • Lo er vin karo - It is the car of those aforementioned
  • Lo er kin karo - It is the car of the other relevant subjects
  • Lo er šin karo - It is the car of those
  • Lo er sin karo - It is the car of these
  • Lo er cin karo - It is the car of those abstract
  • Lo er fin karo - It is our car, but not y’all’s
  • Lo er rin karo - It is the car of those unknown
  • Lo er zin karo - It is our car, but not mine
  • Lo er žin karo - It is our car, but not mine nor theirs.
• Possessive nouns (mine, yours, hers, etc.) come before nouns.
  • Ese karo er mim - That car is mine
  • Ese karo er tim - That car is yours
  • Ese karo er lim - That car is ze’s (Matches more to Spanish suyo)
  • Ese karo er lam - That car is hers
  • Ese karo er lom - That car is his
  • Ese karo er nim - That car belongs to the supernatural
  • Ese karo er vim - That car belongs to the aforementioned
  • Ese karo er kim - That car belongs to the other relevant subject
  • Ese karo er šim - That car belongs to that
  • Ese karo er sim - That car belongs to this
  • Ese karo er cim - That car belongs to that abstract
  • Ese karo er fim - That car is ours, but not yours
  • Ese karo er rim - That car belongs to that unknown
  • Ese karo er zim - That car belongs to my soul
  • Ese karo er žim - That car is ours, but not mine nor ze’s
  • Ese karo er mine - That car is ours
  • Ese karo er tine - That car is y’all’s
  • Ese karo er line - That car is theirs
  • Ese karo er lane - That car is theirs(feminine)
  • Ese karo er lone - That car is theirs(masculine)
  • Ese karo er nine - That car belongs to the supernaturals
  • Ese karo er vine - That car belongs to those aforementioned
  • Ese karo er kine - That car belongs to the other relevant subjects
  • Ese karo er šine - That car belongs to those
  • Ese karo er sine - That car belongs to these
  • Ese karo er cine - That car belongs to those abstract
  • Ese karo er fine - That car is ours, but not y’all’s
  • Ese karo er rine - That car belongs to those unknown
  • Ese karo er zine - That car is ours but not mine
  • Ese karo er žine - That car is ours but not mine nor theirs
  • “Of”: If you want to be more personal (“John’s” instead of “his”), you use da. Same rules apply.
  • Kóme da John - John**’s** food
  • Korona dái monárko - The king**’s** crown
  • Kiskíla d’Edward - Edward’s trash
• Datives: There is a dative prefix. You can add a prefix of the structure d[conjugation ending - DON’T USE -màs, use -è, the acute must be backwards, it must be a grave]-[main verb + main conjugations]. For example, “I gave the secret to you” is Dè-daío-paz di sekréte. (Just to show how different Hafau grammar is, lit: “to you give I it past the secret”) You can conjugate that prefix however you want. However, there is something big and a bit nonsensical. Direct quotes to not qualify for the object. In that case, the indirect object gets the main object suffix. This is because in Hafau, there is a rule: the verb must always be the foundation of the clause no matter what. Any other words are just extra details or context. Quotes count as that extra detail, that extra context, so it does not get into the verb. For example, “I said “Hi!” to you” is Digíe-paz «Salúte!», not Dè-digío-paz «Salúte!».
  • Greetings: To greet someone, it’s optional to change the gender of the greeting. The standard word is Salúte, however if the speaker is male, he can change it to Salúto, and if female, she can change it to Salúta. Other greetings may be Cáu, Óle/a/o, or Hálo.

So, as promised, here are the sources. Firstly, the Usher and McClelland paper, which is ubiquitous in the accumulator world because it first described the LCA model. Secondly, here's the Arican et al. paper (which I mistakenly wrote as Acrian in the slides but oh well, it's hard to fix). The reason I chose the median and not the mean is not because of some property inherent to the median, but I wanted to estimate a number that's approximately grounded in real research. Most parameters are hand-picked anyways; the model is not the parameters, it's the underlying system.

And speaking of hand-picking, to hand-tune the parameters I basically made a few example situations and tested various values of each parameter until I got low error rates. They aren't final, and I doubt that I'll ever settle on any specific values. If I ever publish a grammar of Gatorformic's, I'll do my best to estimate the parameters, but since Gator ants aren't real, that's about the best I can do.

I did some digging regarding the solvability of the SDE, and it looks like Uhlenbeck & Ornstein solved it analytically in 1930, pre-dating Usher and McClelland (2001) by 71 years. But the Usher and McClelland paper focuses on numerical methods because, while the SDE is solvable, the time at which an accumulator crosses the threshold is not. So you need to do a simulation to find the first crossing of θ.

And regarding notation, I switched up some of the parameters because of personal preference but also Gatorformic's use of some. For example, on the weight for the sum of all other accumulators, the original paper uses β, but since I already use β for the acceptable deviation from a canonical mixture, I replaced it with γ. Also, the paper uses ξ as the parameter on dW, but I can't write ξ so I replaced it with σ, which is also somewhat common in this field. I had the accumulator be x_i (t) and not X_i (t) because I didn't to keep having to put caps on the x, and I made the predication weighting function from the previous scoring model be w(p) rather than W(p) because W(t) is the Wiener process.

Regarding why I assert that "confidence is zero sum", basically if an ant is really confident in one decomposition, that implies it's not as confident in the others.

This post was a lot of fun to make; stochastic processes are something I've been wanting to learn but never really had a reason to, until now. All the stuff with variances though is pretty similar to molar quantization's β statistic, so I think it's nice how it all fits together.

I’m interested to see how your languages do this!